Design and Simulation of Automatic Load Tap Changer

Design and Simulation of Automatic Load Tap Changer   Introduction CE 3.1 This is the third project I did as a graduate Electrical Engineering while pursuing my Bachelor of Engineering in the field of Electrical Engineering from Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Balochistan, Pakistan. I wanted to conduct a project that would enable the transformer to attain different voltage levels using a load tap changing transformer and thus wanted to learn about different electrical/electronic components that would be needed and thus learn about its design and how to implement it. I was able to improve my written and oral presentation skills as well as my interpersonal skills by the successful completion of this project. Background CE 3.2 For my third project as an undergraduate in electrical engineering, I wanted to start working on a project during my second year. I wanted to learn about the different and commonly used electrical/electronic components, the working mechanism and the implementation in complex projects. This served as a motivation to conduct a project on Load Tap changers. I had studied during my bachelors that Transformer Load changers are an integral part to any power grid whether in big projects or small. I knew that there were the Mechanical Load tap changer and the Electronic Load Tap Changer. I wanted to design an automatic Electronic type Load tap changer to the problems with reliability and maintenance of the Mechanical type.Also, I learned that by using Thyristors to take the on-load current while the main contacts change over from one tap to the next, the design would have no moving parts and thus have a longer service life. And it is due to this reason that I selected the Design of Automatic Load Tap Changer for my project. CE 3.3 The objective of this project is to design and build a prototype of a fully electronic on load tap changer for power transformers by using Triacs as switching devices and microcontroller as the triggering circuit. CE 3.4 CE 3.5 I successfully completed this project by engaging in the following activities: I divided my project into Power circuitry and Control circuitry. I designed the power circuitry to basically consist of a tapping transformer connected to the load through the switching devices. I designed the Control circuitry to sense the voltage signal fed from the step down transformer and compare it to a pre-set reference value. I used a Triac which is a three terminal semiconductor for controlling the current in both directions. I used a Power Circuit, Microcontroller Unit, Analog To Digital Converter, Zero Crossing Detector, Multiplexer, LCD, Buzzer as the parts of the circuit I completed the project within the time frame specified by the university. I conducted detailed literature review on all the components used here. Personal Engineering Activity CE 3.6 I approached a professor with an idea of conducting a project with transformers. Along with my team mate, I had a lot of brainstorming sessions and review meetings with my project supervisor to select a suitable topic. I suggested that I work on a project that was concerned with designing and fabricating a system based on Automatic Electronic Load Tap Changer of a Transformer and the supervisor agreed to this and asked us to begin working on this by first conducting a literature review on all the components we would require and the working of this project and to start working on this project. CE 3.7 I first started with the design of the Power circuitry which consists of our main Tapping Transformer. The tapping is provided at 231V, 225V, 220V, 214V, 209V and 0V. Furthermore, I decided to incorporate BTA16 Triacs. I also decided to build a snubber circuit using 100ÃŽÂ © resistor and a 104pF capacitor. I decided to use the Triac instead of the SCR because a triac operates in the same way as the SCR however it operates in both forward and reverse directions. Also, I had to ensure the TRIAC will turn off correctly at the end of each half-cycle of the AC power. And due to this reason I used the snubber circuit to assist in the turning off and on. I used a MOC 3021 to assist with this. Circuitry Diagram The following are the components I used for this project: I used the AT80S8252 Microcontroller or the 89C52 which is a high performance CMOS 8bit microcomputer of sorts. ADC 0804 Analog to Digital Controller which feeds the input to the microcontroller. I used a step down transformer to provide samples to the ADC of the load.-   Zero Crossing Detector to provide the required pulses for the AND logic along with the multiplexer. A Multiplexer or Mux is a device that selects one of several analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a single line.In my project, the Interlocking mechanism is achieved by using Multiplexer. Thus, at any instant of time, no two triacs would be in their ON STATE. This is particularly important and advantageous in case the logic of microcontroller fails. I used a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) to display the output voltage that would be across the load side. I used an Optocoupler MOC 3021 to transfer signals between different elements of a circuit. CE 3.8 The following is the manner of the working of this project using a block diagram: The block diagram shows the basic strategy, as to how the Load Tap Changer will work automatically. I used TRIACs as the switching devices. I made sure that the The transformer has five tappings at the voltage level. Each of these tappings is connected to the one of the main terminals of the TIRAC. The second main terminals of all the five TRIACS have been shorted. So at any given time when any of the TRIAC has been switched on there is only one conducting path to the load. I used a step down transformer to step down the voltage level to instrumentation levels so that it can be used in the control circuitry. As the voltage increases or decreases depending on the nature of the load the voltage at the primary of the step down transformer varies, resulting in an equivalent variation at the secondary side. I then had to make sure that this sampled AC voltage is rectified to an almost smooth DC value. This DC voltage is then fed to the analog to digital converter, which gives a digital output that can be understood by the microcontroller. The ADC output is fed to the microcontroller which had been already programmed to compare this incoming value to a set of predefined values and send a high signal on one of its port bits. The output of the microcontroller is fed to a multiplexer. It is incorporated to ensure that at any given time, even if the logic fails there is only 1 conduction path to the load. I.e. only one TRIAC is switched on at any instance in time. I also used the zero crossing detector in order to detect the instance when the AC voltage crosses the zero amplitude mark. The output of this zero crossing detector is in the form a pulse generated every half cycle. I then fed the output of the zero crossing detector and the multiplexer to the AND logic as shown in the diagram. Each time the zero crossing detector gives an output, a pulse is generated at the output of the AND logic This output of the AND logic is basically our trigger signal for the switching devices i.e. the TRIACs however in order to isolate the control and high voltage circuitry and to implement DC triggering on the TRIACs operating at AC voltages the Optocouplers have been incorporated. So basically the Optocouplers are only there to provide isolation. CE 3.9 The following are simulation results I obtained: When input is 220v, the Triac on Tap 3 is on. When the input is 225v, the Triac on Tap 2 is on. Summary CE 3.10   Ã‚   I successfully completed the project titled Design and Simulation of Automatic Load Tap Changer along with my team mate. I learned how to build a circuit board and how all the different electrical components talk to each other in this project. I learned how important the Load Tap Changer is for any power grid and how useful it is over the Mechanical type Load type changer. By successfully completing this project, I was able to improve my written, oral and interpersonal skills.

A Journal of Woe Essay

The pain was excruciating as I struggled to fight for my life under the pillow that my beloved husband had forced upon me. I remember how much it hurts as I tried to gasp for air beneath Othello’s powerful arms. I can recall those murderous eyes driven mad by jealousy and hate. For an instant, I failed to recognize the man I have fought to love. I cannot recognize that man I secretly married despite my father’s objections. For a moment, I failed to see the man who promised to love me for the rest of our lives. It all started that fateful night when Othello fired Michael Cassio from his lieutenant position. He accused me of sleeping with Cassio. The jealousy was probably most triggered when he felt that I was being too concerned with Cassio’s situation. He must have thought that my acts in favor of Cassio’s defense were signs of affection for him. He accused me of giving Cassio the handkerchief which was a gift from him. There is no way I would have given such a valuable gift to someone else! My love and affection is undividedly offered for Othello. It does not seek other men aside from him. My fidelity to my marriage and to my husband is pure and untainted. How could he even dare think of me with such immorality! However, it was too late to defend myself further, for the fire in his eyes was already consumed with too much evil to pay any heed to my cries. Yet, before death consumed what was left of my body, the image of the man I love came before my eyes. I forgive him. He is a victim and not a murderer. I know in his heart that he loves me still, and once this madness brought about by his jealousy ends, he would repent and ask for forgiveness. Or, he might end his life as well to follow me, so he can make it up to me personally—and I will be waiting on the other side.

Attempting to Define Art - 993 Words

Definition Essay – Attempting to Define Art Considering that last semester I took both History of Western Art and, in the philosophy department, Aesthetics, I would have thought that I am now in a better position than I was a year ago to answer the question, â€Å"What is art?† Going into the philosophy course I had the idea that art worked as a means of taking abstract values and placing them into concrete form. However, it soon became clear that there were many other praiseworthy things that could be said about art: it can be sublime, making us feel both the overwhelming force of nature and the overcoming strength of our free will (Kant); it bridges the natural and the ideal, allowing man to achieve political freedom†¦show more content†¦By this I mean that whatever an artist creates can be judged by some aesthetic standard. The standards can vary across genres and media, differing for representational and abstract art, for painting and for music. There may not be a â€Å"Unified Theory of Aesthetics,† but works of art are open to critical assessment. Unfortunately, the three characteristics I listed are too broad to be satisfying; yet anything I can think to add would be too exclusive. Some art communicates ideas and values, but not all of it. Some art captures beauty, but other art expresses ugliness. Some art doesn’t really communicate and express anything beyond an aesthetically pleasing (whatever that means) use of a medium. Another possible problem with these general characteristics of art is that they do not exclude the productions of animals. The music of songbirds is not generally considered art to us, but to birds it may be. This is not a minor point: while human art exists in a more complicated social context, our capacity for it is something we evolved. Our complex and varied aesthetics may be the outgrowth of biological urges to produce and receive art, just as the bird’s singing comes from an innate impulse. 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The American Identity - 2684 Words

America is commonly characterized as the greatest country in the world, the glorious â€Å"land of the free and the home of the brave†, â€Å"indivisible, with liberty and justice for all†. This idealization of the American identity conveniently focuses on what people want to hear and blurs out most everything else. In reality, Americans do not live up to the dreamscape created by our views, and we never really have. America is no longer characterized by its freedom and democracy, nearly every first world country can afford that luxury. Nor are we set apart by the great opportunities given to our people, for those are far from universal. We aren’t equal, we aren’t unified, we aren’t kinder or smarter or richer than any other country across the board. It’s easy to find the shortcomings of American culture, all the things we aren’t, but the things we are have proven to be more elusive. First, let’s examine the nots. Despite our founding principle that â€Å"all men are created equal† (Jefferson), American life isn’t characterized by equality or fairness. Although we acknowledge that each member of humanity bears equal value, we fail to provide them with such equality in life. Racism and anti-immigrant sentiment are two factors that prevent America from being equal. Frederick Douglass identified this gap between value and reality for Americans when he found himself â€Å"not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary† ( ¶3) of the Fourth of July, â€Å"a day that reveals to [the AmericanShow MoreRelatedAmerican Identity And American Identity1350 Words   |  6 Pagesand faced ethnic issues, our true identity shines through with our fight for freedom, the ability to create our own-and americas- path through american ingenuity even in times of great distress. 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Introduction to Oboe and Bassoon - 3379 Words

An Introduction Oboe and Bassoon By Marie A Rogers 300005290 Woodwind Techniques 1 1010-1100 Mr. Robinson The oboe is a soprano-range double reed instrument with a length of 62cm. Its wooden tube is distinguished by a conical bore that expands into a flaring bell. The modern oboe’s range extends from the B flat below middle C (b3 flat) to about 3 octaves higher (A6). The oboe has a very narrow conical bore. It is played with a double reed consisting of two thin blades of cane tied together on a small metal tube called a staple, which is inserted into the reed socket at the top of the instrument. Traditionally made from African Blackwood, also called grenadilla, the instrument is made in 3 parts. The top joint has 10 or 11†¦show more content†¦The modern Bassoon exists in two distinct primary forms the Buffett system and the Heckle system. Most of the world plays the Heckle system, while the Buffett system is primarily in France, Belgium, and parts of Latin America. Bassoon techniques The Bassoon is held diagonally in front of the player, but unlike the flute, oboe, and clarinet, it cannot be supported by the players hands alone. Some means of additional support is required; the most common ones used are a neck strap or shoulder harness attached to the top of the boot joint, a seat strap attached to the base of the boot joint which is laid across the chair seat prior to sitting down. To stabilize the right hand, many Bassoonists use an adjustable common shaped apparatus called a â€Å"crutch†, which mounts to the boot joint. An aspect of Bassoon playing technique called flicking involves the momentary pressing or â€Å"flicking† of the high A, C, and D keys by the left hand thumb at the beginning of certain note in the middle octave in order to eliminate the cracking or brief microphonic that happens without the use of the key. Bassoon Reeds Bassoon reeds, made of Arundo donax cane, are often made by the players themselves, although beginner bassoonists tend to buy their reeds from professional reed makers or use reeds made by their teachers. Reeds begin with a length of tube cane that is split into three or four pieces. The cane is then trimmed and gouged to the desired thickness,Show MoreRelatedThe Contribution Of French Music During The Decades After World War I1408 Words   |  6 Pageshouse of his teacher Ricardo Vines in 1918. David Ewen writes, Pictorially one is sometimes reminded of a chase, sometimes a dialogue. Normally, however, the main musical discourse is entrusted to the piano, while the bassoon is relegated to the role of a discrete commentator and the oboe is allowed to intensify the more lyrical flights. The very heart of Poulenc is in this adroit little work. 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Musical Influence on Drug Abuse Free Essays

Musical Influence on Substance Abuse English 1302 Professor Young Sex, drugs and rock n’ roll. This commonly used phrase sums it up pretty well. It seems as though anytime I hear anything about a rock band, especially from the 1970’s or 1980’s there is some sort of drug abuse somewhere along the line with at least one or more of the band members, and this will usually result in the break up of the band or the death of a member. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Influence on Drug Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now Well I started getting sick of rock music getting a bad wrap when it comes to drugs and heavy drinking, so I want to know, does the music preference or type of music a band or person play have a direct link to the type of drug they prefer to use? Did that music cause the individual to use these certain drugs, or are people that already use these substances drawn to a certain type of music? There are any questions to be asked when looking at the different music genres and the people involved with its drug of choice. Is crack and cocaine a problem in the ghetto’s because of rap music, or are these drugs in rap music because they were already prevalent in the ghetto’s? Do people take hallucinogenic drugs because it enhances the repetitive music they listen to, or are people getting into these type of drugs and then being drawn to that type of music because it intensifies the feeling of the drug. There are many questions that need to be asked and answered when it comes to musical preference and drug preference. Some studies have been done, but I have yet to find anything conclusive, mostly just statistics about where people are going that do these drugs, not what they are listening to. I am to dig deeper into this issue and find out if there is something more than just the type of music or type of person. I feel as though some drugs are around certain types of music and people for a reason. Whether it is to intensify the listening pleasure of that individual, or if it has nothing to do with the music at all and it is just the individual’s preference. I for one believe there is some sort of relationship between the two, I just don’t know what that is, yet. Rap music is one of the newest genres of music, but even rap has evolved to involve drug references in almost all of the most popular songs. A study done for addiction research and theory about changes in drug use being prevalent in rap songs showed that drugs were mentioned in 63% of rap songs, versus only about 10% of songs in other music genres. Rap music saw a large influx in the use of lyrics about drugs starting in the early 1990’s with marijuana being the most frequented drug mentioned. Some could argue that the crack cocaine epidemic that started in the ghetto’s in the early 1990’s had a big influence in this, but then why is marijuana the most mentioned? My outtake on this is that people started using harder and harder drugs, making marijuana less taboo as the years went on, so now it is just second nature to talk about marijuana, it’s not as bad as it was once thought to be. One example this article discussed was that rap artist Dr. Dre once said in a song â€Å"I don’t smoke weed or sinse, ‘cause it only gives a brother brain damage, and brain damage on the mike don’t manage. † Then, one of his very next album was named â€Å"The Chronic,† and hit triple platinum. Ironic? Maybe a bit, but was he doing this purely to sell records, or was marijuana something Dr. Dre enjoyed and wanted to pay it tribute? I am going with the latter explanation. Seeing as how he has had many more songs since the release of that album glorifying the use of marijuana. Next I wanted to take a look at the hard drugs and heavy drinking associated with the rock n’ roll lifestyle. If you take a look back at any great or largely influential band there is almost always traces of drug use and drinking. This has even proved to be the reason many of these bands do not still exist in today’s world. Try to find a picture of Slash, a guitarist for Guns n Roses, from the 1980’s, without him carrying around a bottle of Jack Daniels, it is nearly impossible. Most every rock n’ roll band from the 1980’s has a history of hard drug use and very heavy drinking. Because of the rock music? Or is it that these artist have always enjoyed hard drugs and drinking, but now that they are in a successful rock band they can afford more of it. Did the entertainment industry ruin these artist by turning them into drug addicts and alcoholics? In all my readings it seems to point in one direction, and that is usually these people have always had issues with drug use or alcohol, but now, with little to worry about and more money pouring in than they know what to do with, combined with the rowd they are now associating themselves with, they let these substances take over their life, and before they know it, the situation is no longer controllable. The sad fact is that rock music is fast paced, fueled by drugs that keep people on the go and booze, because who doesn’t like a good stiff drink every once and a while. Rock n’ roll music has that â€Å"screw everything, lets have fun† mentality, when you mix that with a group of people that has a common interest in drugs or alcohol things tend to get a little out of hand. Binge drinking, cocaine and heroin are the most common issues with substances that I have found about the rock n’ roll crowd. When people drink, especially in large amounts, inhibitions become lost, that coupled with the screw it attitude of rock music may help push someone to do those harder drugs that they would not normally do. From everything I’ve read, it seems as though rock music doesn’t cause people to do these things, but rather helps fuel these individuals decision to party harder and go further with their drug use. Once alcohol, fast paced music and the right crowd of people are thrown into the mix, it is relatively easy to see how someone could fall victim to drug abuse and make poor decisions. One of the other types of music genres I wanted to take a look at was all the repetitive music out there, including, techno, dubstep, trance and house. I have known many people throughout the last few years that enjoy these types of music, some of them drug users, some of them not. I have noticed that these people didn’t really have a drug of choice but rather did a little of everything, except for the hardcore fans. The people that go to big dance music parties or raves seem to like their hallucinogens more than any other drug. Where did this start though? This type of music is still relatively new in the grand scheme of things, so that tells me that maybe the music didn’t cause people to start using these drugs, but rather people that enjoyed using these types of drugs flocked to the repetitive music because of the way the drug enhanced it. Now, I know that most of the hallucinogenic drugs gained their popularity with the rock music of the 1960’s and 1970’s, but when did it switch from rock music to techno or the repetitive music genres? Did it switch because the rock stars of the 1980’s preferred the harder drugs like heroin? In every article and book that I looked in, it seems to me that alcohol is responsible for this change. Once rock stars started with the heavy drinking the hallucinogens were pretty much taken off the table, from what everyone has told me, alcohol and hallucinogens just do not mix well. So what is a person looking for a good time left to do? Go back to smoking marijuana, and that be it? Nope, it was time to move on to harder drugs and let the hallucinogens stay back with a different crowd. I know lsd and other hallucinogenics were around long before the popularization of repetitive music, so I can not put the blame on the music here, for this type of genre I believe that it is the drug that is responsible for the music. People are always looking for a way to intensify feelings, to go further than they did the last time they took a pill or snorted something. The way for this to happen was to look at the sense of sound, and use it to further the feeling of an acid trip. The use of repetitive beats, sounds and noises puts the drug user in a state of mind where nothing can bother them, it allows the drug to completely take over, thus intensifying the trip. After taking a look at many different music genres, these three seemed to be the most obvious ones that use drugs and or alcohol either in lyrics or as a way for the artist or listener to escape reality, if only briefly. Rap music did not become popular because of the crack cocaine problem in the ghetto’s, but one could easily argue that rap music helped crack become a nation wide epidemic because of the glorification in a lot of rap songs. Alcohol, cocaine, and heroin did not create rock n’ roll, sure it may have made it more interesting, but at the same time, it has ruined many artist’s lives that could have gone on to do great things for the music industry. Not everyone that attends a rave or a techno party is doing acid or ecstasy, but that music genre as a whole would not be in existence would it not have been for these drugs. While I don’t think music alone causes people to ruin their lives with drugs and alcohol, there is definitely a link between music and drug use. Whether it’s the type of drug, or how much of the drug that person prefers doesn’t matter, through all my readings one thing is certain, drugs and music have a past together and will have a future. How to cite Musical Influence on Drug Abuse, Essay examples

Psychology Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Question: Write about thePsychology forVentromedial Prefrontal Cortex. Answer: Introduction In the recent years, there have been several studies that have focused on the function of ventromedial prefrontal cortex, also referred as the medial orbitofrontal cortex. However, any kind of focal liaisons in this area of the brain may cause an abnormal egocentric pattern in the moral judgment. The studies have shown that these focal damages in this area of brain are mostly conflicting in nature and also heterogeneous (Taber-Thomas et al., 2014). This article examines the contrast in the patients with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions acquired in the developmental phase and in the adult ages. The evidences have suggested that the lesions are a crucial neural substrate which may go beyond the self interest of the patient. Theories used in the Article Different studies regarding the ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions have suggested that these lesions to this area of the brain may have an impact on the reward processing or may influence the motivational features. However, it is also possible that the lack of motivation in the human behavior may cause for other reasons as well. Therefore, the researchers have demonstrated the trouble in making decisions to be an outcome of ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. The cognitive tasks of a human being may be affected through lesions in this area. A human being who is affected with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions may have issues in the situations with risks and other alteration with the autonomic anticipatory responses. This study has taken two different groups of individuals who have developmental lesions in the ventromedial PFC under the age of sixteen and another group of individuals with the developmental onset liaisons outside this region of the brain. Other Research Articles the at Provide a Background to the Primary DRR Article The maturation in the judgment process can be considered as the characteristic of the human moral development that is developed during the childhood and the adolescent period. Scholars have indicated several features of the moral development; therefore there are two related researches that set the platform for these neuropsychological studies. The first one is the seminal work of Kohlberg that is concerned with the deep rooted development in terms of social emotions and abstract reasoning. The second research that provides a background for the present study is the impact of the functions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the emotional and social thoughts or the moral development (Taber-Thomas et al., 2014). The patients with this disorder are seen to have abnormality in the moral development and express an abnormal judgment in the socially controversial situations. The Reason for Conducting the Study The previous studies have indicated that the dysfunction of ventromedial prefrontal cortex may have a crucial role in the neuro-developmental disorder such as psychopathy. The previous researches have indicated that the functions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are necessary for the natural moral development in an individual (Hebscher et al., 2015). This study was conducted to exhibit the relationship between the naturally healthy group and the individuals who had issues with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in their developmental phase. Previously, the authors have conducted two studies on individuals with this disorder who were shown with lack of empathy and unethical behavior. The social issues in those two patients were more than it is seen in the patients with the adult-onset ventromedial PFC lesions. The evidences indicate that any dysfunction in the early years can cause the immaturity of the adult-onset ventromedial PFC but damage causing the later life may not affect the initial stages of the moral development. Therefore, this particular study has been conducted with the neurological patients that are put into empirical test. The Way of Conducting the Study The researchers had evaluated their initial findings about the individuals with the developmental-onset ventromedial PFC injury that might show self centered moral judgments while taking control of the moral situations with lower conflicts. The resulted have indicated to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex having a significant role to play in the moral development. The researchers have also compared and contrasted to the patients with developmental-onset ventromedial PFC and the ones with damages outside the ventromedial PFC and the healthy adults who have no neurological issues (Taber-Thomas et al., 2014). The patients had to make judgments about fifty hypothetical situations. After the description of each scenario, there was a question with the options of yes or no. The moral situations were either with low or high moral conflict. Therefore the researchers analyzed the data nueroanatomically. Findings and Application The findings of Taber-Thomas et al. (2014) support the previous predictions. In the lower conflict situations the developmental-onset ventromedial PFC group has shown more self centered decisions than the other groups. The in groups differences were particular in the lower conflict situations. However, in the non moral situations there were no such noteworthy differences between the groups. As a support to the previous predictions, the damages in the ventromedial PHC were associated with the self centered actions. However, the patients having damages with the age of five were seen to have more impairment. The researchers have also evaluated a model that tested the ventromedial PFC damage in the higher conflict situations show differences between the groups. Impact of the Findings on the Subsequent Research From the findings of this research indicate that one should understand the psychological development of the moral growth for understanding the development of anti social behavior. The patients with the damages of the in the ventromedial PFC in their early ages had indicated the notion whether different areas of brain is accountable for different social behavior of an individual. The findings of data from the patients with ventromedial PFC damage had shown more self centered decisions in the situations with moral conflicts. Those individuals tend to disobey the moral or ethical rules for their own good. An initial analysis had also suggested that damages within the age of five years are more harmful to the ventromedial PFC, therefore causing more self centered judgments (Taber-Thomas et al., 2014). However, damages in the adult ages may or may not have any impact on the moral developments and judgments. Even though the small number of patients can be considered as one of the limitatio ns of thee study, but the study has a great impact on the neuro-biological study. The difference between the two groups has further indicated to the previous findings of the researchers. Future Scope for Research There are several chances of the future researches in this area as there have not been many studies in this area. It will be necessary to continue this study with other experiments with the different other stimulus and other experiments with moral reasoning. It is also necessary to conduct research with a larger number of patients. Keeping the basic findings of the research same, there can be several experiments on the neurological development of the patients with ventromedial PFC damage at different stages. This study only provides empirical evidence on the suggestion that the ventromedial PFC may have a significant impact on the maturity of the human moral development (Taber-Thomas et al., 2014). However, there is a future scope of research is this genre if the genetic and the other environmental factors are evaluated to find out whether the ventromedial PFC damage have the profound impact on making the self centered moral judgments. In the cases of children or the young adults, th is result can be more prevalent and be more effective in understanding the human social and moral development. These findings can pave the way of future researches in this field. Reference List and Bibliography Ghosh, V. E., Moscovitch, M., Colella, B. M., Gilboa, A. (2014). Schema representation in patients with ventromedial PFC lesions.Journal of Neuroscience,34(36), 12057-12070. Hebscher, M., Barkan-Abramski, M., Goldsmith, M., Aharon-Peretz, J., Gilboa, A. (2015). Memory, decision-making, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC): the roles of subcallosal and posterior orbitofrontal cortices in monitoring and control processes.Cerebral Cortex, bhv220. Hogeveen, J., Hauner, K. K., Chau, A., Krueger, F., Grafman, J. (2016). Impaired valuation leads to increased apathy following ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage.Cerebral Cortex, bhv317. Levens, S. M., Larsen, J. T., Bruss, J., Tranel, D., Bechara, A., Mellers, B. A. (2014). What might have been? The role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in counterfactual emotions and choice.Neuropsychologia,54, 77-86. Pujara, M. S., Wolf, R. C., Baskaya, M. K., Koenigs, M. (2015). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage alters relative risk tolerance for prospective gains and losses.Neuropsychologia,79, 70-75. Snchez-Navarro, J. P., Driscoll, D., Anderson, S. W., Tranel, D., Bechara, A., Buchanan, T. W. (2014). Alterations of attention and emotional processing following childhood-onset damage to the prefrontal cortex.Behavioral neuroscience,128(1), 1. Taber-Thomas et al. (2014) Arrested development: early prefrontal lesions impair the maturation of moral judgement [topic 2 biological bases, chapter 3 4] Taber-Thomas, B. C., Asp, E. W., Koenigs, M., Sutterer, M., Anderson, S. W., Tranel, D. (2014). Arrested development: early prefrontal lesions impair the maturation of moral judgement.Brain,137(4), 1254-1261. Warren, D. E., Jones, S. H., Duff, M. C., Tranel, D. (2014). False recall is reduced by damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex: implications for understanding the neural correlates of schematic memory.Journal of Neuroscience,34(22), 7677-7682. Wolf, R. C., Philippi, C. L., Motzkin, J. C., Baskaya, M. K., Koenigs, M. (2014). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediates visual attention during facial emotion recognition.Brain,137(6), 1772-1780.